Which disorder is characterized by episodes of mania alternating with depression?

The disorder characterized by episodes of mania alternating with depression is bipolar disorder. This condition involves shifts in mood that include both manic episodes—marked by elevated mood, increased activity, and impulsive behavior—and depressive episodes, which can lead to feelings of sadness, lethargy, and hopelessness.

Understanding bipolar disorder is essential because the cyclical nature of its symptoms necessitates a multifaceted treatment approach that may include medication, therapy, and lifestyle changes. Bipolar disorder presents distinct phases, allowing for the identification and management of each mood state effectively, which is vital for improving the quality of life for those affected.

The other disorders listed do not exhibit the same pattern of mood changes. Schizophrenia primarily involves symptoms related to psychosis rather than mood states. Major depressive disorder, while it involves depressive episodes, does not include manic episodes. Anxiety disorders are focused on excessive worry and fear rather than the mood swings characteristic of bipolar disorder. Thus, the defining feature of alternating mania and depression specifically points to bipolar disorder as the correct answer.